Rudolf Kaehr Dr.@
ThinkArt Lab Glasgow
Abstract
Some further thematizations and formalizations of diamond topics, especially triads, are presented. Triads, and founded triads, are presented in the context of Gunther’s epistemology, Toth’s semiotics with the help of Robertson’s “Algebra for triadic relations”. It is proposed that until now founding relations had been thematized externally only. An implementation of founding strategies into the system to be founded by the diamond approach is realizing the simultaneity of construction (model) and verification (foundation) of the triad. This approach is open for arbitrary n-ads.
Representamen
"My definition of a representamen is as follows:
A REPRESENTAMEN is a subject of a triadic relation TO a second, called its OBJECT, FOR a third, called its INTERPRETANT, this triadic relation being such that the REPRESENTAMEN determines its interpretant to stand in the same triadic relation to the same object for some interpretant.” (Peirce)
Further Towards a Triadic Calculus
Christofer R. Longyear’s reconstruction of Warren McCullochs hobbyhorse with Peircean triads.
Part 1-3:
http://www.vordenker.de/ggphilosophy/longyear-part_1.pdf
Triplets
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http://www.instructionaldesign.com.au/Academic/TechnicalTheme1.htm
Trilog
"Unary relations are obviously insufficient and quadratic (4-airy) relations provide only minimally more capacity than triadic relations. Hence the choice is between two and three. Tarski studied binary relations extensively, but relation names played a significant, distinct metadata role. Binary relations are sufficient to represent information in a fixed schema, but the names of these relations are inaccessible from the relation contents. Both a benefit and a disadvantage of binary relations is that they are inherently closed in an algebra of unary and binary operators."
"Trilog is of course equivalent to the use of a fragment of first order logic to define ternary predicates, a fragment which has less convenient syntax and safety rules."
Edward L. Robertson, An Algebra for Triadic Relations, 2005
http://www.cs.indiana.edu/~edrbtsn/
Binary:
morph= f(A, B), morph f: A-->B
morph: AB
composition: (fg): AB o BC ==> AC
Ternary:
morph = (A, f, B), (A, f, B)⊆Morph
morph : (f )
Composition : (fg) : (f ) o (g ... B A --> B B --> C A --> B --> C" width="484" height="200"/>
Toth: "4. Starting with the geometric model of a sign class or reality thematic as an (equilateral) triangle, we notice that the semiotic foundational relations (FR) are orthogonal relations between the categories and the sign relations:
http://www.mathematical-semiotics.com/pdf/FoundRel.pdf
FR1 := I <--> (M --> O) ≡ (.3.) <--> ((.1.) --> (.2.))
FR2 := M <--> (O --> I) ≡ (.1.) <--> ((.2.) --> (.3.))
FR3 := O <--> (M --> I) ≡ (.2.) <--> ((.1.) --> (.3.))
where X, Y, Z ∈ {.1., .2., .3.} and X, Y, Z are pairwise different, which means that for Z any
of the three prime-signs can be chosen, so that for FRthe following 6 relations are possible:
[Obviously, the following presentation is not more than a wee hint to a promising direction. Especially, there is no need to over-interprete the triadicity of the triadic approach(es). All the restrictions here to triadicity are for ‘didactical’ reasons only.]
Lower case letters (a, b, c, . . ., x, y, z) are used as variables over D.
The basic structures are sets of triples over D. We refer to these as triadic relations.
Triangular form of notation: (x, y, z) =: or ()
”...the triple (x, l, z) indicates that the binary l(x, z) relationship holds.”
3.1 Definition:
Let R, S, and T be triadic relations. The triadic join of R, S, and T, is
defined
trijoin(R, S, T) Overscript[=, def] {b : ∃ x, y, z [x ... : x, y, and z occur in the active domain of R} x z " width="468" height="255"/>
Lower case letters (a, b, c, ..., x, y, z) are used as variables over D.
Lower case letters (, ..., ) are used as variables over .
The basic structures are bi-sets of diamond-triples over (D, ).
We refer to these as triadic diamond relations.
Acceptional triadic relations are called R, S, T.
The complementary rejectional dyadic relations are called r, s, t.
Note:
The triadic rejectional relations (r, s, t) occur as complementary relations to ternary acceptional relations (R, S, T). Complementarity in diamond theory is based on an abstraction of the compositions of morphisms and is not to confuse with a categorical dualization of morphisms. Complementarily, categorical composition of morphism is possible only iff the criteria of saltatorial saltisition is realized.
This is not in conflict with the fact that category theory exists easily without any saltatory theory. Simply because saltatorical conditions of categories are implicitly used in the presupositions and not yet set from the ‘mind to the blackboard' (B. Brecht).
{(b || d ... nbsp; y z c" width="650" height="93"/>
An equivalent diamond diagrammatic notation for
(trijoin ) _ diam((R, r) ... R T r t" width="641" height="185"/>
(trijoin ) _ diam(S ) || (s ... x c " width="586" height="359"/>
(ρ || Overscript[ρ, -]) (R || r) &n ... c b a c " width="444" height="126"/>
O " width="485" height="359"/>
Context - valued logic modeling of the founding relation
The unary founding rela ... O O" width="619" height="353"/>
(trijoin ) _ epistem(R, S, T) Overscript[=, def] { s ... 3A0; O S z x y" width="536" height="98"/>
Substitution for (b ) ==> ( s ), R, ... S --> O" width="420" height="889"/>
(trijoin ) _ diam(S ... S x " width="324" height="434"/>
Epistemic diamond trijoin
&nbs ... S --> O" width="543" height="460"/>
(trijoin ) _ epistem (R ... 1 2" width="287" height="343"/>
Diamonds might be considered as implementations of Gunther’s founding relation for reflectional triads. In other words, Gunther’s founding relation might get a formalization as a special triadic diamond in general diamond theory.
Triads, like (sS, oS, oO), introduced by Gunther as the framework of a new epistemological paradigm, are reflected from each knot of the graph: sS(oS, oO), oS(sS, oO) and oO(sS, oS). Those relations are interpretations, respectively foundations of the triad as a whole from each of its monadic instances. Hence there are two modelings of reflection mapped into one triad: the triad and its foundations. The foundations, realized from each standpoint of the triad, are delivering the 3 dyadic relations which are constituting the whole. Those parts, the dyadic relations, might be mirrored “outside” the whole as constitutive parts. Hence, the whole is a triad mirrored, inside-out, by its constitutive simultaneous dyads. Furthermore, the dyads of the triad are obtained from the unary elements, hence from monads. The whole construction for triadic reflectionality entails self-reflectionally a triad, consisting of a triad, 3 dyads and 3 monads.
"an exchange relation between logical positions
an ordered relation between logical positions
a founding relation which holds between the member of a relation and a relation itself."
TRIAD =(triad, dyad, monad).
But the wording of the construction suggests a simultaneity of the reflectional triad and its foundation by the founding relations of the triadic relation.
That is, Gunther’s trans-classical model of subjectivity is developed in three steps:
1. The stipulation of the triadic model as such,
2. The analysis of the triad by the new idea of founding relations and
3. The composition of the specific founding relations together to the founded triadic model.
This might be interpreted as a diamond construction with:
)==>(sS, oS, oO)||(oS,sS)
(sS)==>(sS, oS, oO)||(oS,oO)
)==>(sS, oS, oO)||(sS,oO)
The unary positions (oO), (sS) and (oS) are all thematizing the corresponding dyads. Hence, the unary monads are invoveld into two aspects based on the binarity of the founded dyads of the triad. Therefore, the monads shall be indexed by the index set={1, 2}.
Gunther’s concept of founding relations found some application in general systems theory (Alfred Locker). The formalism might have its own value from a descriptive viewpoint but is not well prepared for operative transformations. One attempt to formalize the epistemic model one step further happend with the application of Gunther’s Kontextwertlogic (Contextvalued logic), as opposed to Stellenwertlogik (place-valued logic) (cf. Kaehr 1978, Baldus 1982, Grochowiak 1979).
A new attempt to formalize the idea of founding relations is proposed by the diamond approach which takes into account the simultaneity of the model and its foundation. It also reflects the fact, that a foundation of an operation is localized on a different level of abstraction. The activity of modeling and the activity of founding are complementary activities demanding different kinds of abstractions. Hence, any applicative iteration of the model on itself is not fulfilling the criteria of foundation.
The idea of in-sourcing the matching conditions into the definition of diamonds tries to realize the two postulates of Chinese Ontology, the permanent change of things and the endness or closeness of situations. That is, diamonds should be designed as structural explications of the happenstance of compositions and not as a succession of events (morphisms). More exactly, diamond are contemplating the interplay of acceptional and rejectional thematizations. Thus, morphisms with their matching conditions and composability are in fact of secondary order for the understanding of diamonds.
The complementarity of construction and verification, which is happening at once and not in a temporal delay, is a consequence of the finiteness and dynamics postulate of polycontextural "ontology". This simultaneous interplay is based on the insight that a delayed verification (or testing in programming) would not necessarily verify the construction in question because, at least, the context will have changed in-between. Delayed verification is possible only in the very special case of frozen dynamics.
In other words, in a changing open/closed world, the activities of construction and verification (of correctness and relevance) have to happen at once. Otherwise, because the conditions might have changed, the relevancy of the construction to be verified would have to be verified itself, again, and this ad nauseam. Obviously, the statement is not about/against the stability of the construction (program, system, agreement, contract), this might be rock solid, but about the relevancy of the rock solid construction.
(In therapy, even by constructivists, this delayed checks are called “reality check”. Nearly everytime, such a reality to be checked has escaped any relevance.)
In-sourcing the matching conditions
Diamond strategies are offering a fundamentally different approach.
Each step in a diamond world has simultaneously its counter-step. Hence, each operation
has an environment in which a legitimation of it can be stated. The legitimation
is not happening before or after the step is realized but immediately in parallel to it.
Morphisms are representing mappings between objects, seen as domains and
codomains of the mapping function.
Hetero-morphisms are representing the conditions of the possibility (Bedingungen
der Möglichkeit) of the composition of morphisms. That is, the conditions, expressed
by the matching conditions, are reflected at the place of the heteromorphisms.
Hetero-morphisms as reflections of the matching conditions of composition
are therefore second-order concepts realized "inside" the diamond system.
Morphisms and their composition are first-order concepts, which have to match
the matching conditions defined by the axiomatics of the categorical composition
of morphisms. But these matching conditions are not explicit in the composition of
morphism but implicit, defined "outside" of the compositional system.
Hence, in diamonds, the matching conditions of categories are explicit, and moved from the "outside" to the inside of the system.
In this sense, the rejectional system of hetero-morphisms is a reflectional system,
reflecting the interactions of the compositions of the acceptional system. Heteromorphisms are, thus, the "morphisms" of the matching conditions for morphisms.
This approach, to model the founding relation in the framework of diamond theory might be achieved with a decomposition of the founding relation into its parts: monadic and dyadic relations as the rejectional parts of the diamond interplay between model and foundation, i.e. acceptional (categorical) and rejectional (saltatorical) thematizations.
The founding operation itself, r and involved into the definition of the triadic model itself as it is introduced by Gunther.
Funding relations and structural relations are complementary and antidromic in their orientation. If there is something like a “Duplizität des Ich" (Fichte) (A duplicity of the ego) then such a duplicity is of interest only if this duplicity is a simultaneous duplicity. A successive hierarchy of different levels of epistemic reflection, as it is supposed in Anglo-Saxon philosophy and computational reflection, belongs to a strictly different paradigm of thinking. Similar intricate situations of duplicity of consciousness had been discovered by Edmund Husserl with his distinction of retention and protention of the temporal structure of reflectional acts.
"What we still have to consider is the relation any of the three terms Ss, O and SO may assume to the relation which holds between the other two terms. From a purely combinational view point three possibilities exist for a demanded relation ... rF ... they are:
SS rF (O -> SO)
O rF (SO<-> SS)
SO rF (SS-> O)
Formally speaking it is the relation any of the two realizations of S , namely SS or SO, may have toward the connection of the other S and O. We call this the founding relation (rF) because by it, and only by it, a self reflective subject separates itself from the whole Universe which thus becomes the potential contents of the consciousness of a Self gifted with awareness. In contrast to it the classic relation O rF(SO<-> SS) is still a founding relation but not for consciousness.
But this claim also extracts from the "outside" observer, SS an interesting admission. He will state that, seen from his vantage point, the inclusive disjunction does not only hold in the case of:
(1) SSrF(O->SO) .∨. SOrF(SS->O) but also in the other two cases:
(2) SOrF(SS->O) .∨. OrF(SS<->SO) (3) SSrF(O->SO) .∨. OrF(SS<->SO) provided, of course, that he uses a two-valued logic.
But in doing so he realizes by self-reflection that he has committed a momentous logical mistake. Since in classic logic only two values are available for the determination of the distinction between subject and object, it is impossible to describe the triadic relation between the subjective subject; the objective subject and the object.
This investigation intends only to show that the concept of Totality or Ganzheit is closely linked to the problem of subjectivity and trans-classic logic and that it is based on three basic structural relations:
an exchange relation between logical positions
an ordered relation between logical positions
a founding relation which holds between the member of a relation and a relation itself.
We are now able to establish the fundamental law that governs the connections between exchange, ordered and founding relation.
Thus we may say: the founding-relation is an exchange relation based on an ordered relation. But since the exchange relations can establish themselves only between ordered relations we might also say: the founding-relation is an ordered relation based on the succession of exchange-relations. When we stated that the founding relation establishes subjectivity we referred to the fact that a self-reflecting system must always be:
self-reflection of (self- and hetero-reflection)."
(Gunther, Formal Logic, Totality and The Super-additive Principle, 1965) in:
http://www.thinkartlab.com/pkl/archive/Cyberphilosophy.pdf
Semiotic triads occur as morphisms between the instances I, O, M and their combinations, called graph theoretic sign models.
1. (I-->O -->M) 4. (O-->M-->I)
2. (M-->O-->I) 5. (I-->M-->O), (M-->I-->O)
3. (I-->M--> O) 6. (O-->I-->M).
"In 1966, Günther showed that the three reflexive categories of a three-valued logic, objective subject (oS), object (O) and subjective subject (sS) correspond (in this order) with the
semiotic categories of medium (firstness), object (secondness) and interpretant (thirdness)."
(cf. Toth 2008, p. 64):
oS <==> M ≡ (.1.)
O <==> O ≡ (.2.)
sS <==> I ≡ (.3.)
http://www.mathematical-semiotics.com/pdf/Obj.andrefl.existence.pdf
Triadic semiotics (Bense, Toth) and triadic epistemology (Gunther). Also Gunther’s approach and semiotic triads are fitting, at least at a first glance, well together, Gunther’s epistemological triadism shouldn’t be taken too seductively, because (t)his obsession lasted only for a short and specific time of Gunther’s speculations. In the early 60s, the dialogical concept was replaced by a much more socialist distribution of subjectivity over a mass of ‘subject centres’ (Chinese Cultural Revolution).
"To sum it up:
A non Aristotelian or trans-classical logic is a system of distributed rationality. Our traditional (two valued) logic presents human rationality in a non distributed form. This means: the tradition recognizes only one single universal subject as the carrier of logical operations.
A non-Aristotelian logic, however, takes into account the fact that subjectivity is ontologically distributed over a plurality of subject centres. And since each of them is entitled to be the subject of logic human rationality must also be represented in a distributed form. The means to do this is to interpret many valued structures as place-value systems of our two valued logic." (Gunther 1962)
http://www.vordenker.de/ggphilosophy/gg_tradition-of-logic.pdf
In a German paper, 1965, Gunther writes: “Wir sind zum Übergang zu einer vierwertigen Logik genötigt, in der nicht nur Subjekt-überhaupt und Objekt-überhaupt durch logische Werte vertreten sind, sondern in der U sowohl als S1, S2, S3 ontologische Instanzen repräsentieren, von denen jede Vertretung duch einen eigenen Wert beansprucht.”
http://www.vordenker.de/ggphilosophy/gg_problem-trans-klass-logik.pdf
Some years later in 1968, Gunther developed a general theory of mediation where anthropological roots had been erased in favor of the history of the world as such - with or without human beings.
http://www.vordenker.de/ggphilosophy/gg_struk-min-theor-obj-geist.pdf
Furthermore , 2 years later, in his “Die historische Kategorie des Neuen”, in Moscow in favor for Change, his theory of polycontexturality is strictly neutral to any specific interpretation. Neither I, Thou, It or other subjectivity constructs are appearing in the historical development of the New.
http://www.vordenker.de/ggphilosophy/gg_category.pdf
The whole conceptual story is well sketched at:
Ditterich, Kaehr: Einübung in eine andere Lektüre
http:///www.vordenker.de/ggphilosophy/kaehr_einuebung.pdf
Nevertheless, it seems that even today it would be a revolution to realize a working 3-contextural scientific paradigm and technology (of computing and social organizations).
Again, the proposed classical theory of triads is fomualted in the framework of a binary and dichotomous First-Order Logic., i.e. n-ary relations are logically reducible to binary relations. Hence, it achieves a simulation of trichotomic logic and never a realization. (Cf. Ternary Computers, Moscow)
What do we learn? As Max Bense mentioned correctly, Gunther was a Laborphilosoph (lab philosopher) and not a Kathederphilosoph (lectem philosopher) - this is true, despite the fact that each attempt to his philosophy, albeit only a fragment, was declared with absoluteness. Asked some month later about his theoretical advances and some immanent problems of it, he even didn’t remember it. This surely was an exaggeration, but he was, again, some steps further on. And so on.
Toth’s semiotic modeling of Gunther’s founding relation is of importance, not only for systematic semiotics alone but for applications in computational semiotics and the triple-approach for semantic implementations in the project of a Semantic Web or Web 3.0.
Nevertheless, both, Gunther and Toth, are stressing on the successive, iterative or orthogonal structure of the idea of founding logic and semiotics. Because the basic triadic structure to be founded remains untouched, the whole approach might be more an application then a foundation.
This analysis is confirmed by Toth’ s statements:
"In accordance with Günther (1991), these superizations [based on categories and relations] are based on semiotic orthogonality.” (Toth 2008)
Superization, obviously, is a special application and is immanent of semiotics, not changing anything in its fundamental definition.
"From the logical standpoint, the latter means that the “Thou” founds the order relation
between an “I” and an “It” (OS --> (SS --> O)), that an “I” founds the order relation between an “It” and a “Thou” (SS --> (O --> OS)), and finally, that an “It” founds the exchange relation between an “I” and a “thou” (O --> (SS <-->OS))." (Toth 2008)
http://www.mathematical-semiotics.com/pdf/FoundRel.pdf
All parts of the founding relations are unchanged parts of the logical or epistemic model. The different roles of the instances might be used but not represented. That is, e.g. “It” as a founding point of view and “It” as a founded element of the model are technically not distinguished in the semiotic approach. This fact is based on the triviality that the model and its founding relations don’ t have the necessary structural complexity. That is, at least two variables would be needed to model the different roles of the elements depending on their context. Context-value logic (Kontextwertlogik) was introduced just for this purpose (Gunther 1968).
There is up to now no equivalent at all to find in Bensean semiotics.
= (trijoin ) _ iter ^(3, 3) _ diam ([((S ) ... p; T R T r t r t" width="398" height="138"/>
u r t
u" width="389" height="490"/>
4 - (join &# ... c d " width="345" height="551"/>